On the Formation of a Diffusion Protective Layer on the Details of Molds

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of using molds reinforced with wear-resistant protective coatings applied by gas-thermal spraying methods under the influence of significant thermomechanical loads during injection molding of non-ferrous and ferrous metals.

Methods. As a base material for spraying protective wear-resistant coatings, 3X2V8F tool die steel was used, from which samples with dimensions of Ø50×10 mm were cut out. The following powder materials were used as sprayed materials: PHM, ferrochrome, PH18N9T, PH23N28M3D3T. During diffusion metallization, coatings with the above powders were applied to the surface of the samples with a plasma torch using the following technology: degreasing the surface with uyat spirit; shot blasting of the surface (to improve the quality of adhesion of the coating to the substrate); plasma spraying of the coating. The study of microhardness was carried out using a PMT-3 microhardness meter, with a load on the indenter of 50 g. Metallographic studies were carried out on a metallographic microscope MIM-8. The microstructure was detected in an etcher of the following composition: 20 ml H₂O, 20 ml HCl, 4 g Cu₂SO₄.

Results. It is shown that in the structure of the steel matrix of samples annealed in hydrogen, large martensitic needles are visible at the surface opposite to the sprayed one. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that during the diffusion metallization of samples with plasma-dusted coatings of PC23N28M3D3T and PC18N9T powders and subsequent annealing in a protective hydrogen atmosphere, a diffusion layer is practically not formed.

Conclusion. The method of diffusion chrome plating, associated with the formation of plasma-dusted coatings, involves applying a layer of metal coating containing chromium to a steel surface by the plasma method and subsequent diffusion annealing. It is established that the saturation method has a significant effect on the initial conditions preceding the diffusion process. Therefore, the quality of coatings applied by plasma spraying has a great influence on the kinetics of the diffusion layer formation process, its structure and properties characteristics after subsequent annealing.

1. Morgunov V. N. Parametry tochnosti i pripuski na mekhanicheskuyu obrabotku [Fundamentals of casting design. Accuracy parameters and allowances for machining]. Penza, Penza St. Univ. Publ., 2004. 164 p.

2. Becker M. B. Lit'e pod davleniem [Injection molding]. 3th ed. Moscow, Vysshaya shkola Publ., 1978. 213 p.

3. Gavariev R. V., Savin I. A., Leushin I. O. O. K voprosu o povyshenii ekspluatatsionnykh pokazatelei press-form dlya lit'ya pod davleniem naneseniem mnogofunktsional'nykh pokrytii [On the issue of improving the performance of molds for injection molding by applying multifunctional coatings]. Liteinoe proizvodstvo = Foundry production, 2014, no. 1(14), pp. 58–61.

4. Zelenko V. K., Sergeev N. N., Izvolsky V. V., Vlasov V. M. Fiziko-mekhanicheskie i ekspluatatsionnye svoistva zashchitnykh pokrytii [Physico-mechanical and operational properties of protective coatings]. Tula, TSPU named after L. N. Tolstoy Publ., 1999. 213 p.

5. Kudinov V. V. Plazmennye pokrytiya [Plasma coatings]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1977. 184 p.

6. Sergeev N. N., Ushakov M. V., Sergeev A. N., Gvozdev A. E., Kutepov S. N., Pantyukhin O. V. Kogezionnaya prochnost' metallicheskikh i intermetallicheskikh poroshkovykh plazmennykh pokrytii [Cohesive strength of metallic and intermetallic powder plasma coatings]. Izvestiya Tul'skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Tekhnicheskie nauki = Proceedings Tula State University. Technical sciences, 2018, is. 8, pp. 62–79.

7. Shorshorov M. H., Gvozdev A. E., Sergeev A. N., Kutepov S. N., Kuzovleva O. V., Seledkin E. M., Klementyev D. S., Kalinin A. A. Modelirovanie protsessov resursosberegayushchei obrabotki slitkovykh, poroshkovykh, nanostrukturnykh i kompozitsionnykh materialov [Modeling of processes of resource-saving processing of ingot, powder, nanostructured and composite materials]. Ed. 2th. Moscow, Vologda Publ., Infra-Enzheneriya Publ., 2021. 360 p.

8. Sergeev N. N., Sergeev A. N., Kutepov S. N., Gvozdev A. E., Ageev E. V., Klementyev D. S. Primenenie tekhnologii izgotovleniya "korkovym" sposobom formoobrazu- yushchikh vstavok dlya lit'ya pod davleniem mednykh splavov [Application of manufacturing technology by the "cortical" method of forming inserts for injection molding of copper alloys]. Izvestiya Yugo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta = Proceedings of the Southwest State University, 2018, vol. 22, no. 3(78), pp. 67–83.

9. Gvozdev A. E., Sergeev N. N., Minaev I. V., Sergeev A. N., Breki A. D., Maliy D. V., Kalinin A. A., Sapozhnikov S. V., Kutepov S. N., Provotorov D. A. Kompleksnyi podkhod k modelirovaniyu resursosberegayushchikh protsessov obrabotki i friktsionnogo vzaimodeistviya metallicheskikh sistem [An integrated approach to modeling resource-saving processing processes and frictional interaction of metal systems]; ed. by A. E. Gvozdev. Tula, Tula St. Univ. Publ., 2017. 232 p.

10. Kuzovleva O. V., Gvozdev A. E., Tikhonova I. V., Sergeev N. N., Breki A. D., Starikov N. E., Sergeev A. N., Kalinin A. A., Maliy D. V., Titova Yu. E., Alexandrov S. E., Krylov N. A. O sostoyanii predprevrashcheniya metallov i splavov [On the state of pre-conversion of metals and alloys]. Tula, Tula St. Univ. Publ., 2016. 245 p.

11. Gvozdev A. E., Minaev I. V., Kutepov S. N., Kalinin A. A., Sapozhnikov S. V. Resursosberegayushchie tekhnologii polucheniya zagotovok bystrorezhushchego instrumenta [Resource-saving technologies for obtaining blanks of high-speed tools]; ed. by A. E. Gvozdev. Tula, Tula St. Univ. Publ., 2021. 316 p.

12. Sergeev N. N., Sergeev A. N., Kutepov S. N., Gvozdev A. E., Kolmakov A. G., Klement’ev D. S., Kostychev I. V. Effect of the purity of charge materials and heat treatment parameters on the structure and the mechanical properties of U10A forge tool steel. Russian Metallurgy (Metally), 2021, no. 10, pp. 1352–1355.

13. Gvozdev A. E., Sergeyev N. N., Minayev I. V., Tikhonova I. V., Sergeyev A. N., Khonelidze D. M., Maliy D. V., Golyshev I. V., Kolmakov A. G., Provotorov D. A. Temperature distribution and structure in the heat-affected zone for steel sheets after laser cutting. Inorganic Materials: Applied Research, 2017, vol. 8, no. 1. pp. 148–152.

14. Gubanov O. M., Gvozdev A. E., Kutepov S. N., Kolmakov A. G. The influence of ferrite ineffigranularity on the magnetic properties of silicon electrical steel. Organic Materials: Applied Research, 2021, no. 4, pp. 950–953.

15. Sergeev N. N., Sergeev A. N., Kutepov S. N., Rodionov A. V., Gvozdev A. E., Kuzovleva O. V., Krupitsyn E. S. Vliyanie temperatury otpuska na strukturu i mekhanicheskie svoistva termomekhanicheski uprochennogo armaturnogo prokata [The influence of tempering temperature on the structure and mechanical properties of thermomechanically reinforced rebar rolled products]. Chebyshevckii sbornik = Chebyshevsky collection, 2021, vol. 22, no. 5(81), pp. 328–339.

16. Sergeev N. N., Gvozdev A. E., Zelenko V. K., Sergeev A. N., Kuzovlev O. V., Starikov N. E., Zolotukhin V. I., Breki A. D. Materialovedenie [Materials]; ed. by A. E. Gvozdev. Ed. 2th. Tula, Tula St. Univ. Publ., 2017. 469 p.

17. Sergeev N. N., Gvozdev A. E., Kuzovleva O. V, Sergeev A. N., Starikov N. E., Kuzovlev V. Y., Breki A. D., Kalinin A. A., Medvedev P. N., Dorokhin Y. S., Maliy D. V., Abramova V. I., Starikova K. N., Zaitsev I. D., Kutepov S. N. Atlas mikrostruktur nemetallicheskikh i metallicheskikh materialov [Atlas of microstructures of non-metallic and metallic materials]. Tula, Tula St. Univ. Publ., 2017. 96 p.

18. Gvozdev A. E., Starikov N. E., Zelenko V. K., Kuzovleva O. V., Sergeev A. N., Kuzovlev V. Y., Kalinin A. A., Malyarov A. V. Novye konstruktsionnye materialy [New construction materials]; ed. by A. E. Gvozdev. Tula, Tula St. Univ. Publ., 2017. 296 p.

19. Breki A. D., Gvozdev A. E., Kolmakov A. G. Ispol'zovanie obobshchennogo treugol'nika Paskalya dlya opisaniya kolebanii sily treniya materialov [The use of the generalized Pascal triangle to describe vibrations of the friction force of materials]. Materialovedenie = Materials Science, 2016, no. 11, pp. 3–8.

20. Breki A. D., Vasilyeva E. S., Tolochko O. V., Didenko A. L., Kudryavtsev V. V., Kolmakov A. G., Sergeyev N. N., Gvozdev A. E., Starikov N. E., Provotorov D. A., Fadin Y. A. Synthesis and tribotechnical properties of composite coatings with PM–DADPE polyimide matrix and fillers of tungsten dichalcogenide nanoparticles upon dry sliding friction. Inorganic Materials: Applied Research, 2016, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 542–546.

21. Sergeev N. N., Sergeev A. N., Gvozdev A. E., Grashnin I. L., Minaev I. V., Polosin S. I., Tikhonova I. V., Cheglov A. E., Honelidze D. M. Kompleks nauchno-tekhnicheskikh, proektno-konstruktorskikh i tekhnologicheskikh razrabotok po sozdaniyu, izgotovleniyu i vnedreniyu vysokotochnogo importozameshchayushchego oborudovaniya kachestvennoi lazernoi i gazoplazmennoi obrabotki listovogo prokata [Complex of scientific and technical, design and technological developments for the creation, manufacture and implementation of high-precision import-substituting equipment for high-quality laser and gasplasma processing of sheet metal]; ed. by N. N. Sergeev. Tula, Tula St. Univ. Publ., 2014. 188 p.

22. Sergeev N. N., Gvozdev A. E., Sergeev A. N., Tikhonova I. V., Kutepov S. N., Kuzovleva O. V., Ageev E. V. Perspektivnye stali dlya kozhukhov domennykh agregatov [Promising steels for blast furnace casings]. Izvestiya Yugo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Tekhnika i tekhnologii = Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Engineering and Technology, 2017, vol. 7, no. 2 (23), pp. 6–15.

23. Medvedeva V. V., Breki A. D., Krylov N. A., Skotnikova M. A., Fadin Yu. A., Alexandrov S. E., Gvozdev A. E., Starikov N. E., Provotorov D. A., Sergeev A. N., Ageev E. V. Issledovanie protivoiznosnykh svoistv plastichnogo smazochnogo kompozitsionnogo materiala, soderzhashchego dispersnye chastitsy sloistogo modifikatora treniya [Investigation of anti-wear properties of a plastic lubricating composite material containing dispersed particles of a layered friction modifier]. Izvestiya Yugo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta = Proceedings of the Southwest State University, 2016, no. 1 (64), pp. 75–82.

24. Medvedeva V. V., Breki A. D., Krylov N. A., Alexandrov S. E., Gvozdev A. E., Starikov N. E., Sergeev N. N., Ageev E. V., Sergeev A. N., Maliy D. V., Provotorov D. A. Tribotekhnicheskie svoistva plastichnykh smazochnykh kompozitsionnykh materialov s napolnitelyami iz dispersnykh chastits medi i tsinka [Tribotechnical properties of plastic lubricating composite materials with fillers from dispersed particles of copper and zinc]. Izvestiya Yugo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta = Proceedings of the Southwest State University, 2016, no. 2 (65), pp. 109–119.

25. Breki A. D., Didenko A. L., Kudryavtsev V. V., Vasilyeva E. S., Tolochko O. V., Kolmakov A. G., Fadin Yu. A., Starikov N. E., Gvozdev A. E., Sergeev N. N., Ageev E. V., Provotorov D. A. Tribotekhnicheskie kharakteristiki kompozitsionnykh pokrytii s matritsei iz poligeteroarilena PM-DADFE i napolnitelyami iz nanochastits dikhal'kogenidov vol'frama pri trenii skol'zheniya v srede zhidkogo smazochnogo materiala [Tribotechnical characteristics of composite coatings with a matrix of polyheteroarylene PM-DADFE and fillers of tungsten dichalcogenide nanoparticles during sliding friction in a liquid lubricant medium]. Izvestiya Yugo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta = Proceedings of the Southwest State University, 2016, no. 3 (66), pp. 17–28.