<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">techusgu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия Юго-Западного государственного университета. Серия: Техника и технологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Engineering and Technology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2223-1528</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Юго-Западный государственный университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21869/2223-1528-2023-13-4-109-122</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">techusgu-197</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исследование фотодеградации тиазинового красителя метиленового синего при воздействии лазерным источником для фотодинамической терапии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Study of Photodegradation of Thiazion Dye Methylene Blue under Exposure to a Laser for Photodynamic Therapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1247-257X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рассеко</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rasseko</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рассеко Дмитрий Сергеевич, аспирант кафедры нанотехнологий, микроэлектроники, общей и прикладной физики</p><p>ул. 50 лет Октября, д. 94, г. Курск 305040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry S. Rasseko, Post-Graduate Student of the Department of the of Nanotechnology, Microelectronics and Engineering Physics</p><p>50 Let Oktyabrya Str. 94, Kursk 305040</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rasseko.dmitriy@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5004-0823</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пугачевский</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pugachevskii</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пугачевский Максим Александрович, доктор физико-математических наук, профессор кафедры нанотехнологий, микроэлектроники, общей и прикладной физики, директор Регионального центра нанотехнологий</p><p>ул. 50 лет Октября, д. 94, г. Курск 305040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maksim A. Pugachevskii, Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics), Professor at the Department of Nanotechnology, Microelectronics and Engineering Physics, Director of the Regional center of nanotechnology</p><p>50 Let Oktyabrya Str. 94, Kursk 305040</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pmaximal@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5635-8149</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жакин</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhakin</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жакин Анатолий Иванович, доктор физико- математических наук, профессор кафедры нанотехнологий, микроэлектроники, общей и прикладной физики</p><p>ул. 50 лет Октября, д. 94, г. Курск 305040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anatoly I. Zhakin, Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics), Professor of the Department of Nanotechnology, Microelectronics, General and Applied Physics</p><p>50 Let Oktyabrya Str. 94, Kursk 305040</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zhakin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Юго-Западный государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Southwest State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>109</fpage><lpage>122</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рассеко Д.С., Пугачевский М.А., Жакин А.И., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рассеко Д.С., Пугачевский М.А., Жакин А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rasseko D.S., Pugachevskii M.A., Zhakin A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://techusgu.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/197">https://techusgu.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/197</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Изучить процесс фотодеградации метиленового синего под действием лазерного излучения с длиной волны 660 нм, используемого для установок фотодинамической терапии, на предмет формирования активных форм кислорода, в частности короткоживущих гидроксильных радикалов с помощью спектроскопии электронного парамагнитного резонанса.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Определение остаточной концентрации метиленового синего в процессе фотодеградации производилось с помощью спектрометра HR2000. Детектирование образования гидроксильных групп осуществляли с помощью ЭПР-спектрометра SPINSCAN X.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Анализ данных фотодеградации метиленового синего показывает, что под действием лазерного излучения с длиной волны 660 нм происходит разрушение структуры метиленового синего, проявляющееся в постепенном обесцвечивании раствора красителя. При добавлении трипафлавина в раствор скорость фотодеградации метиленового синего значительно замедляется. Анализ данных ЭПРспектроскопии показывает, что при воздействии красным лазером на метиленовый синий в растворе начинают интенсивно формироваться (ОН’) радикалы. Их содержание значительно возрастает с увеличением мощности облучения.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Облучение лазерным источником мощностью 0,3–1 Вт с длиной волны 660 нм водного раствора тиазинового красителя метиленового синего приводит к его активной фотодеградации. Добавление трипафлавина приводит к замедлению процесса фотодеградации метиленового синего при облучении красным светом за счёт расходования части генерируемых кислородсодержащих радикалов на деградацию трипафлавина. По данным ЭПР спектроскопии с использованием спиновых ловушек ДМПО доказано, что при облучении метиленового синего красным лазером происходит активное образование гидроксильных ОН’ радикалов. Установлено, что с увеличением интенсивности лазерного излучения количество генерированных гидроксильных радикалов (ОН’) значительно увеличивается. Представленные результаты могут способствовать разработке эффективных фотосенсибилизаторов для фотодинамической терапии опухолевых новообразований.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose. To study the process of photodegradation of methylene blue under the influence of laser radiation with a wavelength of 660 nm, used for photodynamic therapy installations, for the formation of reactive oxygen species, in particular short-lived hydroxyl radicals, using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The residual concentration of methylene blue during photodegradation was determined using an HR2000 spectrometer. The formation of hydroxyl groups was detected using an EPR spectrometer SPINSCAN X.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Analysis of data on the photodegradation of methylene blue shows that under the influence of laser radiation with a wavelength of 660 nm, the structure of methylene blue is destroyed, manifested in the gradual discoloration of the dye solution. When trypaflavin is added to the solution, the rate of photodegradation of methylene blue slows down significantly. Analysis of ESR spectroscopy data shows that when methylene blue is exposed to a red laser, (OH’) radicals begin to intensively form in the solution. Their content increases significantly with increasing irradiation power.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Irradiation of an aqueous solution of the thiazion dye methylene blue by a laser source with a power of 0.3÷1 W and a wavelength of 660 nm leads to its active photodegradation. The addition of trypaflavin leads to a slowdown in the process of photodegradation of methylene blue when irradiated with red light due to the consumption of part of the generated oxygen-containing radicals for the degradation of trypaflavin. According to EPR spectroscopy data using DMPO spin traps, it has been proven that when methylene blue is irradiated with a red laser, active formation of hydroxyl OH' radicals occurs. It was found that with increasing laser radiation intensity, the amount of generated hydroxyl radicals (OH') increases significantly. The presented results may contribute to the development of effective photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of tumor tumors.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метиленовый синий</kwd><kwd>трипафлавин</kwd><kwd>ЭПР спектроскопия</kwd><kwd>лазерное излучение</kwd><kwd>ОН’ радикалы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>methylene blue</kwd><kwd>trypaflavin</kwd><kwd>EPR spectroscopy</kwd><kwd>laser radiation</kwd><kwd>OH' radicals</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РНФ и Министерства образования и науки Курской области (Соглашение № 23-29-10198, №173). Работа выполнена также при поддержке Министерства образования и науки РФ (г/з 2020 № 0851-2020-0035), в рамках реализации программы стратегического академического лидерства «Приоритет-2030» (Соглашение № 075-15-2021-1155)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out with financial support from the Russian Science Foundation and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Kursk Region (Agreement No. 23-29-10198, No. 173). The work was also carried out with the support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (G/Z 2020 No. 0851-2020-0035), as part of the implementation of the strategic academic leadership program “Priority-2030” (Agreement No. 075-152021-1155)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Photodynamic effect of methylene blue and low level laser radiation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines / B. Kofler, A. Romani, C. Pritz, T. Steinbichler, V. Schartinger, H. Riechelmann, J. Dudas // International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018. Vol. 19, no. 4. Art. no. 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19041107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kofler B., Romani A., Pritz C., Steinbichler T., Schartinger V., Riechelmann H., Dudas J. Photodynamic effect of methylene blue and low level laser radiation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018, vol. 19, no. 4, art. no. 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19041107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Effect of methylene blue photodynamic therapy on human neutrophil functional responses / E. Trevisan, R. Menegazzi, G. Zabucchi, B. Troian, S. Prato, F. Vita, V. Rapozzi, M. Grandolfo, V. Borelli // Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2019. Vol. 199. P. 111605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111605.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trevisan E., Menegazzi R., Zabucchi G., Troian B., Prato S., Vita F., Rapozzi V., Grandolfo M., Borelli V. Effect of methylene blue photodynamic therapy on human neutrophil functional responses. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 2019, vol. 199, рр. 111605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111605</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy in the treatment of oral microbiota. A Systematic Review / L. C. T. Moreti, L. A. Garcia, K. G. C. Fernandes, D. I. Kozusny-Andreani, J. A. S. Souza, C. R. Tim // Research, Society and Development. 2022. Vol. 11, no. 6. P. e53411629001. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i6.29001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moreti L. C. T., Garcia L. A., Fernandes K. G. C., Kozusny-Andreani D. I., Souza J. A. S., Tim C. R. Methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy in the treatment of oral microbiota. A Systematic Review. Research, Society and Development, 2022, vol. 11, no. 6, рр. e53411629001. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i6.29001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuang Y., Zhang X., Zhou S. Adsorption of methylene blue in water onto activated carbon by surfactant modification // Water. 2020. Vol. 12, no. 2. Р. 587. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020587.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuang Y., Zhang X., Zhou S. Adsorption of methylene blue in water onto activated carbon by surfactant modification. Water, 2020, vol. 12, no, pp. 587. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020587.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fast and highly efficient removal of dye from aqueous solution using natural locust bean gum based hydrogels as adsorbent / S. Pandey, J. Y. Do, J. Kim, M. Kang // International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020. Vol. 143. P. 60–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pandey S., Do J. Y., Kim J., Kang M. Fast and highly efficient removal of dye from aqueous solution using natural locust bean gum based hydrogels as adsorbent. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020, vol. 143, рр. 60–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">On the discoloration of methylene blue by visible light / A. Sáenz-Trevizo, P. Pizá-Ruiz, D. Chávez-Flores, J. Ogaz-Parada, P. Amézaga-Madrid, A. Vega-Ríos, M. Miki-Yoshida // Journal of Fluorescence. 2019. Vol. 29, no. 1. P. 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-018-2304-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sáenz-Trevizo A., Pizá-Ruiz P., Chávez-Flores D., Ogaz-Parada J., Amézaga-Madrid P., Vega-Ríos A., Miki-Yoshida M. On the discoloration of methylene blue by visible light. Journal of Fluorescence, 2019, vol. 29, no. 1, рр. 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-018-2304-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Homogeneous photosensitized degradation of pharmaceuticals by using red light LED as light source and methylene blue as photosensitizer / Y. Ye, H. Bruning, D. Yntema, M. Mayer, H. Rijnaarts // Chemical Engineering Journal. 2017. Vol. 316. P. 872–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.02.053.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ye Y., Bruning H., Yntema D., Mayer M., Rijnaarts H. Homogeneous photosensitized degradation of pharmaceuticals by using red light LED as light source and methylene blue as photosensitizer. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, vol. 316, рр. 872–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.02.053</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fadda A., Barberis A., Sanna D. Influence of pH, buffers and role of quinolinic acid, a novel iron chelating agent, in the determination of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of plant extracts by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) // Food Chemistry. 2018. Vol. 240. P. 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.076.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fadda A., Barberis A., Sanna D. Influence of pH, buffers and role of quinolinic acid, a novel iron chelating agent, in the determination of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of plant extracts by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Food Chemistry, 2018, vol. 240, рр. 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.076</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reactive oxygen species formation at Pt nanoparticles revisited by electron paramagnetic resonance and electrochemical analysis / S. den Hartog, M. Samanipour, H. Y. V. Ching, S. Van Doorslaer, T. Breugelmans, A. Hubin, J. Ustarroz // Electrochemistry Communications. 2021. Vol. 122. Art. no. 106878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106878.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">den Hartog S., Samanipour M., Ching H. Y. V., van Doorslaer S., Breugelmans T., Hubin A., Ustarroz J. Reactive oxygen species formation at Pt nanoparticles revisited by electron paramagnetic resonance and electrochemical analysis. Electrochemistry Communications, 2021, Vol. 122, art. no. 106878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106878</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanna D., Fadda A. Role of the Hydroxyl radical-generating system in the estimation of the antioxidant activity of plant extracts by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) // Molecules. 2022. Vol. 27, no. 14. Art. no. 4560. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144560.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanna D., Fadda A. Role of the hydroxyl radical-generating system in the estimation of the antioxidant activity of plant extracts by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Molecules, 2022, vol. 27, art. no. 4560. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144560</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Estimation of the local concentration of the markedly dense hydroxyl radical generation induced by X-rays in water / K. I. Matsumoto, M. Ueno, Y. Shoji, I. Nakanishi // Molecules. 2022. Vol. 27, no. 3. Art. no. 592. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030592.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsumoto K. I., Ueno M., Shoji Y., Nakanishi I. Estimation of the local concentration of the markedly dense hydroxyl radical generation induced by X-rays in water. Molecules, 2022, vol. 27, no. 3, art. no. 592. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030592</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Electron spin resonance evidence for electro-generated hydroxyl radicals / S. Pei, S. You, J. Ma, X. Chen, N. Ren // Environmental Science and Technology. 2020. Vol. 54, no. 20. P. 13333–13343. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05287.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pei S., You S., Ma J., Chen X., Ren N. Electron spin resonance evidence for electro-generated hydroxyl radicals. Environmental Science and Technology, 2020, vol. 54, no. 20, рр. 13333–13343. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05287</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Electron paramagnetic resonance of sonicated powder suspensions in organic solvents / H. Laajimi, M. Mattia, R. S. Stein, C. L. Bianchi, D. C. Boffito // Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2021. Vol. 73. Art. no. 105544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105544.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laajimi H., Mattia M., Stein R. S., Bianchi C. L., Boffito D. C. Electron paramagnetic resonance of sonicated powder suspensions in organic solvents. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2021, vol. 73, art. no. 105544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105544</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Electron paramagnetic resonance for the detection of electrochemically generated hydroxyl radicals: issues associated with electrochemical oxidation of the spin trap / E. Braxton, D. J. Fox, B. G. Breeze, J. J. Tully, K. J. Levey, M. E. Newton, J. V. Macpherson // ACS Measurement Science Au. 2023. Vol. 3, no. 1. P. 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00049.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Braxton E., Fox D. J., Breeze B. G., Tully J. J., Levey K. J., Newton M. E., Macpherson J. V. Electron paramagnetic resonance for the detection of electrochemically generated hydroxyl radicals: issues associated with electrochemical oxidation of the spin trap. ACS Measurement Science Au, 2023, vol. 3, no. 1, рр. 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00049</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Accurate identification of radicals by in-situ electron paramagnetic resonance in ultraviolet-based homogenous advanced oxidation processes / L. Chen, J. Duan, P. Du, W. Sun, B. Lai, W. Liu // Water Research. 2022. Vol. 221. P. 118747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118747.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen L., Duan J., Du P., Sun W., Lai B., Liu W. Accurate identification of radicals by in-situ electron paramagnetic resonance in ultraviolet-based homogenous advanced oxidation processes. Water Research, 2022, vol. 221, рр. 118747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118747</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Application of EPR Spectroscopy in TiO2 and N2O5 Photocatalysis / O. Al-Madanat, B. N. Nunes, Y. Alsalka, A. Hakki, M. Curti, A. O. T. Patrocinio, D. W. Bahnemann // Catalysts. 2021. Vol. 11. P. 1514. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11121514.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Madanat O., Nunes B.N., Alsalka Y., Hakki A., Curti M., Patroci-nio A. O. T., Bahnemann D.W. Application of EPR Spectroscopy in TiO2 and Nb2O5. Photocatalysis, Catalysts, 2021, vol. 11, pp. 1514. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11121514</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Electron magnetic resonance in heterogeneous photocatalysis research / M. Chiesa, E. Giamello, S. Livraghi, M. C. Paganini, V. Polliotto, E. Salvadori // Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter. 2019. Vol. 31(44). Art. no. 444001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/ab32c6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chiesa M., Giamello E., Livraghi S., Paganini M.C., Polliotto V., Salvadori E. Electron magnetic resonance in heterogeneous photocatalysis research. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2019, vol. 31(44), art. no. 444001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/ab32c6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">First direct and unequivocal electron spin resonance spin-trapping evidence for ph-dependent production of hydroxyl radicals from sulfate radicals / H. Y. Gao, C. H. Huang, L. Mao, B. Shao, J. Shao, Z. Y. Yan, M. Tang, B. Z. Zhu // Environmental Science and Technology. 2020. Vol. 54, no. 21. P. 14046– 14056. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c04410.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao H. Y., Huang C. H., Mao L., Shao B., Shao J., Yan Z. Y., Tang M., Zhu B. Z. First direct and unequivocal electron spin resonance spin-trapping evidence for pH-dependent production of hydroxyl radicals from sulfate radicals. Environmental Science and Technology, 2020, vol. 54, no. 21, рр. 14046– 14056. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c04410</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Interaction between air plasma-produced aqueous 1O2 and the spin trap DMPO in electron spin resonance / C. Chen, F. Li, H. L. Chen, M. G. Kong // Physics of Plasmas. 2017. Vol. 24, no. 10. Art. no. 103501. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4986008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen C., Li F., Chen H. L., Kong M. G. Interaction between air plasma-produced aqueous 1O2 and the spin trap DMPO in electron spin resonance. Physics of Plasmas, 2017, vol. 24, no. 10, art. no. 103501. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4986008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dynamics of photoinduced bulk and surface reactions involving semiconductors characterized by time resolved spectroscopy techniques (2015–2018) / C. Günnemann, M. Curti, J. Schneider, D. W. Bahnemann // Photochemistry. 2020. Vol. 47. P. 122–158. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016520-00122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Günnemann C., Curti M., Schneider J., Bahnemann D. W. Dynamics of photoinduced bulk and surface reactions involving semiconductors characterized by time resolved spectroscopy techniques (2015– 2018). Photochemistry, 2020, vol. 47, рр. 122–158. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016520-00122</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Electron traps and the stark effect on hydroxylated titania photocatalysts / S. H. Szczepankiewicz, J. A. Moss, M. R. Hoffmann // The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2002. Vol. 106, no. 31. P. 7654–7658. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp020472v.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Szczepankiewicz S. H., Moss J. A., Hoffmann M. R. Electron traps and the stark effect on hydroxylated titania photocatalysts. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2002, vol. 106, no. 31, рр. 7654–7658. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp020472v</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Szczepankiewicz S. H., Moss J. A., Hoffmann M. R. Slow surface charge trapping kinetics on irradiated TiO // Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2002. Vol. 106. Р. 2922–2927. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp004244h.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Szczepankiewicz S. H., Moss J. A., Hoffmann M. R. Slow surface charge trapping kinetics on irradiated TiO2. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2002, vol. 106, рр. 2922–2927. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp004244h</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charge separation and trapping in n-doped TiO photocatalysts: A time-resolved microwave conductivity study / R. Katoh, A. Furube, K. Yamanaka, T. Morikawa // The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 2010. Vol. 1, no. 22. P. 3261–3265. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz1011548.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katoh R., Furube A., Yamanaka K., Morikawa T. Charge separation and trapping in N-doped tio 2 photocatalysts: a time-resolved microwave conductivity study. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2010, vol. 1, no. 22, рр. 3261–3265. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz1011548</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Light-induced charge separation in anatase TiO particles / T. Berger, M. Sterrer, O. Diwald, E. Knözinger, D. Panayotov, T. L. Thompson, J. T. Yates // The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2005. Vol. 109, no. 13. P. 6061–6068. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0404293.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berger T., Sterrer M., Diwald O., Knözinger E., Panayotov D., Thompson T. L., Yates J. T. Lightinduced charge separation in anatase TiO2 particles. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2005, vol. 109, no. 13, рр. 6061–6068. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0404293</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rapid photodegradation of methylene blue by laser-induced plasma / J. Jiang, N. Xie, Y. Jiang, J. Han, G. Feng, Z. Shi, C. He // RSC Advances. 2022. Vol. 12, no. 33. P. 21056–21065. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA03633A.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang J., Xie N., Jiang Y., Han J., Feng G., Shi Z., He C. Rapid photodegradation of methylene blue by laser-induced plasma. RSC Advances, 2022, vol. 12, no. 33, рр. 21056–21065. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA03633A</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Review on methylene blue: its properties, uses, toxicity and photodegradation / I. Khan, K. Saeed, I. Zekker, B. Zhang, A. H. Hendi, A. Ahmad, S. Ahmad, N. Zada, H. Ahmad, L. A. Shah, T. Shah, I. Khan // Water. 2022. Vol. 14(2). P. 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020242.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan I., Saeed K., Zekker I., Zhang B., Hendi A. H., Ahmad A., Ahmad S., Zada N., Ahmad H., Shah L. A., Shah T., Khan I. Review on methylene blue: its properties, uses, toxicity and photodegradation. Water, 2022. vol. 14 (2), р. 242. MDPI, https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020242</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
